The question of when human life begins, is a question theological, legal or philosophical, as many people argue, only not scientific and biological. We should not expect a year old to raise a child because of a mistake. Aspiration conclusion for abortion essay are performed safely in office and clinic settings. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Abortion debate, Abortion in the United States, Birth control, Childbirth, Fertility, Fetus, Legalization, Pregnancy, Pro-choice.
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Not a MyNAP member yet? Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. This report provides a comprehensive review of the state of the science on the safety and quality of abortion services in the United States. The committee was charged with answering eight specific research questions. The research findings that are the basis for these conclusions are presented in the previous chapters. The committee was also asked to offer recommendations regarding the eight questions. However, the committee decided that its conclusions regarding the safety and quality of U. abortion care responded comprehensively to the scope of this study.
Therefore, the committee does not conclusion for abortion essay recommendations for specific actions to be taken by policy makers, health care providers, and others. Length of gestation—measured as the amount of time since the first day of the last. menstrual period—is the primary factor in deciding what abortion procedure is the most appropriate. Mifepristone, sold under the brand name Mifeprex, is the only medication specifically approved by the FDA for use in medication abortion. Retail pharmacies are prohibited from distributing the drug. The procedure is illegal in Mississippi 2 and West Virginia 3 both states allow exceptions in cases of life endangerment or severe physical health risk to the woman. Few women are medically ineligible for abortion. There are, however, conclusion for abortion essay, specific contraindications to using mifepristone for a medication abortion or induction.
The drug should not be used for women with confirmed conclusion for abortion essay suspected ectopic pregnancy or undiagnosed adnexal mass; an intrauterine device in place; chronic adrenal conclusion for abortion essay concurrent long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy; hemorrhagic disorders or concurrent anticoagulant therapy; allergy to mifepristone, misoprostol, or other prostaglandins; or inherited porphyrias. Obesity is not a risk factor for women who undergo medication or aspiration abortions including with the use of moderate intravenous sedation. A history of a prior cesarean delivery is not a risk factor for women undergoing medication or aspiration abortions, but it may be associated.
Because induction abortions are so rare, it is difficult to determine definitively whether a prior cesarean delivery increases the risk of complications. The available research suggests no association. Abortion has been investigated for its potential long-term effects on future childbearing and pregnancy outcomes, conclusion for abortion essay, risk of breast cancer, mental health disorders, conclusion for abortion essay, and premature death. The committee found that much of the published literature on these topics does not meet scientific standards for rigorous, unbiased research. Reliable research uses documented records of a prior abortion, conclusion for abortion essay, analyzes comparable study and control groups, and controls for confounding variables shown to affect the outcome of interest.
Preterm conclusion for abortion essay is associated with pregnancy spacing after an abortion: conclusion for abortion essay is more likely if the interval between abortion and conception is less than 6 months this is also true of pregnancy spacing in general, conclusion for abortion essay. Conclusion for abortion essay on hemorrhage during a subsequent pregnancy are inconclusive. safe and effective. Serious complications are rare. As the number of weeks increases, the invasiveness of the required procedure and the need for deeper conclusion for abortion essay of sedation also increase. Quality Conclusion for abortion essay care quality is a multidimensional concept.
Overall, the committee concludes that the quality of abortion care depends to a great extent on where women live. In many parts of the country, state regulations have created barriers to optimizing each dimension of quality care. The quality of care is optimal when the care is based on current evidence and when trained clinicians are available to provide abortion services. Most abortions can be provided safely in office-based settings. No special equipment or emergency arrangements are required for medication abortions. For other abortion methods, the minimum facility characteristics depend on the level of sedation that is used. Aspiration abortions are performed safely conclusion for abortion essay office and clinic settings.
If moderate sedation is used, the facility should have emergency resuscitation equipment and an emergency transfer plan, as well as equipment to monitor oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure. Women with severe systemic disease require special measures if they desire or need deep sedation or general anesthesia. These women require further clinical assessment and should have their conclusion for abortion essay in an accredited ambulatory surgery center or hospital. Required skills All abortion procedures require competent providers skilled in patient preparation education, counseling, and informed consent. TABLE Does Abortion Care in the United States Meet the Six Attributes of Quality Health Care? b Elsewhere in this report, effectiveness refers to the successful completion of the abortion without the need for a follow-up aspiration.
clinical assessment confirming intrauterine pregnancy, determining gestation, taking a relevant medical history, and physical examination ; pain management; identification and management of expected side effects and serious complications; and contraceptive counseling and provision, conclusion for abortion essay. To provide medication abortions, the clinician should be skilled in all these areas. To provide aspiration abortions, the clinician should also be skilled in the technical aspects of an aspiration procedure. To provide induction abortions, the clinician requires the skills needed for managing labor and delivery. family medicine physicians, and certified nurse-midwives with training in managing labor and delivery. The extensive body of research documenting the safety of abortion care in the United States reflects the outcomes of abortions provided by thousands of individual clinicians.
The use of sedation and anesthesia may require special expertise. If moderate sedation is used, it is essential to have a nurse or other qualified clinical staff—in addition to the person performing the abortion—available to monitor the patient, as is the case for any other medical procedure. Deep sedation and general anesthesia require the expertise of an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist to ensure patient safety. The key safeguards—for abortions and all outpatient procedures—are whether the facility has the appropriate equipment, personnel, and emergency transfer plan to address any complications that might occur.
No special equipment or emergency arrangements are required for medication abortions; however, clinics should provide a hour clinician-staffed telephone line and have a plan to provide emergency care to patients after hours, conclusion for abortion essay. If moderate sedation is used during an aspiration abortion, the facility should have emergency resuscitation equipment and an emergency transfer plan, as well as equipment to monitor oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure. The committee found no evidence indicating that clinicians that perform abortions require hospital privileges to ensure a safe outcome for the patient.
Providers should, however, be able to provide or arrange for patient access or transfer to medical facilities equipped to provide blood transfusions, surgical intervention, and resuscitation, if necessary. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs are recommended to reduce the discomfort of pain and cramping during a medication abortion. Some women still report high levels of pain, and researchers are exploring new ways to provide prophylactic pain management for medication abortion. analgesia, to general anesthesia. The greatest risk of using sedative agents is respiratory depression. The vast majority of abortion patients are healthy and medically eligible for all levels of sedation in office-based settings.
As noted above see Questions 4 and 6conclusion for abortion essay, if sedation is used, the facility should be appropriately equipped and staffed. As noted in the introduction to this chapter, the committee decided that its findings and conclusions fully respond to this charge. The committee concludes that legal abortions are safe and effective. Safety and quality are optimized when the abortion is performed as early in pregnancy as possible. Quality requires that care be respectful of individual patient preferences, conclusion for abortion essay, needs, and values so that patient values guide all clinical decisions. The committee did not identify gaps in research that raise concerns about these conclusions and does not offer recommendations for specific actions to be taken by policy makers, health care providers, and others.
Limitation of Mifepristone distribution As noted above, mifepristone, sold under the brand name Mifeprex, is the only medication approved by the FDA for use in medication abortion. Extensive clinical research has demonstrated its safety and effectiveness using the FDA-recommended regimen. Furthermore, few women have contraindications to medication abortion. Nevertheless, as noted earlier, the FDA REMS restricts the distribution of mifepristone. Research is needed on how the limited distribution of mifepristone under the REMS process impacts dimensions of quality, including timeliness, patient-centeredness, and equity.
In addition, little is known about pharmacist and patient perspectives on pharmacy dispensing of mifepristone and the potential for direct-to-patient models through telemedicine. Pain management There is insufficient evidence to identify the optimal approach to minimizing the pain women experience during an aspiration procedure without sedation. Paracervical blocks are effective in decreasing procedural pain, but the administration of the block itself is painful, and, conclusion for abortion essay. even with the block, conclusion for abortion essay, women report experiencing moderate to significant pain. More research is needed to learn how best to reduce the pain women conclusion for abortion essay during abortion procedures.
Research on prophylactic pain management for women undergoing medication abortions is also needed. Although NSAIDs reduce the pain of cramping, women still report high levels of pain. Addressing the needs of women of lower income Women who have abortions are disproportionately poor and at risk for interpersonal and other types of violence. Conclusion for abortion essay little is known about the extent to which they receive needed social and psychological supports when seeking abortion conclusion for abortion essay or how best to meet those needs. More research is needed to assess the need for support services and to define best clinical practice for providing those services. Abortion is a legal medical procedure that has been provided to millions of American women.
Since the Institute of Medicine first reviewed the health implications of national legalized abortion inthere has been a plethora of related scientific research, including well-designed randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and epidemiological studies examining abortion care. This research has focused on examining the relative safety of abortion methods and the appropriateness of methods for different clinical circumstances. With this growing body of research, earlier abortion methods have been refined, discontinued, and new approaches have been developed. The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States offers a comprehensive review of the current state of the science related to the provision of safe, high-quality abortion services in the United States.
This report considers 8 research questions and presents conclusions, including gaps in research. You're looking at OpenBook, NAP. edu's online reading room conclusion for abortion essay Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Switch between the Original Pageswhere you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.
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The term abortion is commonly used to refer to the induced abortion, and this is the abortion, which has been filled with controversy. In the developed nations, induced abortions are the safest form of medical procedures in medicine if they are conducted under the local law. Thus, abortions are arguably the most common medical procedures in the United States annually. More than 40 percent of women confirm that they have terminated a pregnancy at least once in their reproductive life. Abortions are conducted by women from all forms of life; however, the typical woman who terminates her pregnancy may either be white, young, poor, unmarried, or over the age of 40 years Berer, Therefore, citing the grounds on which abortions are conducted, there are numerous instances of unsafe abortions, which are conducted either by untrained persons or outside the medical profession.
In the United States and the world in general, abortion remains widespread. The United States Supreme Court ratified the legalization of abortion in an effort to make the procedure safer; this was done through the Roe v. Wade decision of However, abortions are the most risky procedures and are responsible for over 75 thousand maternal deaths and over 5 million disabilities annually. In the United States alone, between 20 and 30 million abortions are conducted annually, and out of this number, between 10 and 20 million abortions are performed in an unsafe manner Berer, These illegal abortions are conducted in an unsafe manner; therefore, they contribute to 14 percent of all deaths or women; this arises mainly due to severe complications.
This has led to increasing controversy citing the large numbers of abortions that are conducted annually. However, there is a hope since the improvement in the access and quality of medical services has reduced the incidence of abortion because of easier access of family planning education and the use of contraceptives Jones, Darroch, Henshaw, However, the large numbers of abortions, more so, the illegal abortions continue to be alarming. Despite the introduction of more effective contraceptives, and their widespread availability, more than half of the pregnancies conceived in the United States are considered unplanned.
Out of these pregnancies, half are aborted. Thus, abortion remains an issue in the society. Conflict theorists emphasize that coercion, change, domination, and conflict in society are inevitable. If the doctor indicated, a woman had the option of choosing to terminate her pregnancy, and the doctor would carry out the abortion without any of them violating the law. Roe sought a judgment that would declare the Texas criminal abortion legislation unconstitutional on their face, and seek an injunction, which would prevent the defendant from implementing the statutes.
Joe asserted that she was an unmarried, but pregnant lady; she wished to terminate her pregnancy by seeking the services of a professional and licensed practitioner under safe clinical environment. However, she noted that she was unable to contract the service since she was not able to get access to a legal abortion in Texas since her life was not under any form of threat from the pregnancy. Furthermore, Joe stated that she was not in a financial position to travel to another state to secure a safe abortion. She argued that the Texas statute was unconstitutional and vague, and was in contravention of her right of her right to privacy, which was guaranteed by the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments.
Joe purported to sue on her behalf and on behalf of all other women who were in a similar situation to hers. A pregnancy is a blessing if it is planned; however, a forced pregnancy is similar to any form of bodily invasion, and is abhorrence to the American values and traditions Schwarz, Therefore, the United States constitution protects women from a forced pregnancy in a similar way that the constitution cannot force an American citizen to donate his or her bone marrow or to contribute a kidney to another. The Supreme Court looked into the facts and evidence of the case, and ruled that Roe was right, and her rights to privacy were violated; therefore, the Court decreed that all women had a right to a legal and safe abortion on demand.
However, many years have passed since the Roe v. Wade, and abortion has remained one of the most contentious issues in the United States and the world. It has freed women from dependency, fear, threat of injury, and ill health; it has given women the power to shape their lives. The social ramifications of the case and the social and moral ones have continued to affect the two sides of the abortion debate. The people who thought that the majority ruling in favor of abortion were overly optimistic; abortion has become one of the most emotional, and controversial political debate. Prior to Roe v. wade ruling, women who had abortions risked suffering from pain, death, serious injury, prosecution, and sterility.
Presently, abortion is safer, cheaper, and a more common phenomenon. The legalization of abortion has created other reasons for securing abortions; women are being coerced by their boyfriends and husbands who are unwilling to become fathers due to financial pressures, the panic of losing a job, quitting school, becoming homeless, or out of fear of being kicked out into the street Schwarz, Abortion, which is based on this reasons often leads to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; this occurs when a woman is not able to work through her emotional imbalances resulting from the trauma of an abortion.
This can have severe results such as depression, eating disorders, and in severe cases, it can result in suicide. Women who secure an abortion out of their free will have no remorse and are happy that they made the choice; however, a number of women state that abortion affected them negatively. Thus, it can be argued that abortion is a social issue. Wright Mills developed the theory, and he emphasized that the changes in the society have a massive effect on our lives. Prior to , legal abortions were unheard in the United States and people perceived abortion as a despicable act.
To prove the fact that abortion is a social issue, we have to look at the components of a social issue. A social issue is an aspect of the society that concerns the people and would like it changed. It is comprised of two components: the objective condition, which is an aspect of the society that can be measured. The objective condition in the case of abortion entails the question whether abortions are legal, who obtains an abortion, and under what circumstances is an abortion secured Henslin, The second component is the subjective condition; this is the concern that a significant number of people have about the objective condition. It also includes the distress that a woman can terminate her pregnancy on demand. Thus, abortion is a social issue.
Abortion, human cloning, and evolution are all human issues that are very controversial. They also believe that life begins immediately at conception. We do understand that their are many ways of protection to not have the child, but sometimes mistakes happen and we should not risk a child's life because of this mistake. The fourth and final reason we believe abortion should be legal is because if a woman gets pregnant because of a cause beyond her control, such as rape, it is only fair she should be able to get an abortion. She may not want a child, so she should be able to have the choice, for hers and the baby's sake, to get an abortion. Also, the numbers for how many women who get abortions because of rape are overwhelming, 16, per capita. Some of our refutes, that haven't already been listed above, to the arguments on the opposition side include the con point that it is equal to killing a live child.
According to science, this is true, but we believe it is the family's decision to make and the government's own beliefs about this fact shouldn't get in the way of a possible family problem. Our next refute is to the opposition point that many abortions happen in developing countries where it may not be safe or sanitary. However, we believe it is much better for an inadequate doctor or a doctor who has tools that aren't state-of-the-art to preform an abortion than for people to do it at home themselves if they don't have the choice of receiving an abortion.
Our final refute is to the point that there are many contraceptives available nowadays. But as we all know, sometimes mistakes happen. Women with severe systemic disease require special measures if they desire or need deep sedation or general anesthesia. These women require further clinical assessment and should have their abortion in an accredited ambulatory surgery center or hospital. Required skills All abortion procedures require competent providers skilled in patient preparation education, counseling, and informed consent ;. TABLE Does Abortion Care in the United States Meet the Six Attributes of Quality Health Care? b Elsewhere in this report, effectiveness refers to the successful completion of the abortion without the need for a follow-up aspiration.
clinical assessment confirming intrauterine pregnancy, determining gestation, taking a relevant medical history, and physical examination ; pain management; identification and management of expected side effects and serious complications; and contraceptive counseling and provision. To provide medication abortions, the clinician should be skilled in all these areas. To provide aspiration abortions, the clinician should also be skilled in the technical aspects of an aspiration procedure. To provide induction abortions, the clinician requires the skills needed for managing labor and delivery. family medicine physicians, and certified nurse-midwives with training in managing labor and delivery.
The extensive body of research documenting the safety of abortion care in the United States reflects the outcomes of abortions provided by thousands of individual clinicians. The use of sedation and anesthesia may require special expertise. If moderate sedation is used, it is essential to have a nurse or other qualified clinical staff—in addition to the person performing the abortion—available to monitor the patient, as is the case for any other medical procedure. Deep sedation and general anesthesia require the expertise of an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist to ensure patient safety.
The key safeguards—for abortions and all outpatient procedures—are whether the facility has the appropriate equipment, personnel, and emergency transfer plan to address any complications that might occur. No special equipment or emergency arrangements are required for medication abortions; however, clinics should provide a hour clinician-staffed telephone line and have a plan to provide emergency care to patients after hours. If moderate sedation is used during an aspiration abortion, the facility should have emergency resuscitation equipment and an emergency transfer plan, as well as equipment to monitor oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure. The committee found no evidence indicating that clinicians that perform abortions require hospital privileges to ensure a safe outcome for the patient.
Providers should, however, be able to provide or arrange for patient access or transfer to medical facilities equipped to provide blood transfusions, surgical intervention, and resuscitation, if necessary. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs are recommended to reduce the discomfort of pain and cramping during a medication abortion. Some women still report high levels of pain, and researchers are exploring new ways to provide prophylactic pain management for medication abortion. analgesia, to general anesthesia. The greatest risk of using sedative agents is respiratory depression. The vast majority of abortion patients are healthy and medically eligible for all levels of sedation in office-based settings.
As noted above see Questions 4 and 6 , if sedation is used, the facility should be appropriately equipped and staffed. As noted in the introduction to this chapter, the committee decided that its findings and conclusions fully respond to this charge. The committee concludes that legal abortions are safe and effective. Safety and quality are optimized when the abortion is performed as early in pregnancy as possible. Quality requires that care be respectful of individual patient preferences, needs, and values so that patient values guide all clinical decisions.
The committee did not identify gaps in research that raise concerns about these conclusions and does not offer recommendations for specific actions to be taken by policy makers, health care providers, and others. Limitation of Mifepristone distribution As noted above, mifepristone, sold under the brand name Mifeprex, is the only medication approved by the FDA for use in medication abortion. Extensive clinical research has demonstrated its safety and effectiveness using the FDA-recommended regimen. Furthermore, few women have contraindications to medication abortion. Nevertheless, as noted earlier, the FDA REMS restricts the distribution of mifepristone. Research is needed on how the limited distribution of mifepristone under the REMS process impacts dimensions of quality, including timeliness, patient-centeredness, and equity.
In addition, little is known about pharmacist and patient perspectives on pharmacy dispensing of mifepristone and the potential for direct-to-patient models through telemedicine. Pain management There is insufficient evidence to identify the optimal approach to minimizing the pain women experience during an aspiration procedure without sedation. Paracervical blocks are effective in decreasing procedural pain, but the administration of the block itself is painful, and. even with the block, women report experiencing moderate to significant pain. More research is needed to learn how best to reduce the pain women experience during abortion procedures. Research on prophylactic pain management for women undergoing medication abortions is also needed.
Although NSAIDs reduce the pain of cramping, women still report high levels of pain. Addressing the needs of women of lower income Women who have abortions are disproportionately poor and at risk for interpersonal and other types of violence. Yet little is known about the extent to which they receive needed social and psychological supports when seeking abortion care or how best to meet those needs. More research is needed to assess the need for support services and to define best clinical practice for providing those services. Abortion is a legal medical procedure that has been provided to millions of American women. Since the Institute of Medicine first reviewed the health implications of national legalized abortion in , there has been a plethora of related scientific research, including well-designed randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and epidemiological studies examining abortion care.
This research has focused on examining the relative safety of abortion methods and the appropriateness of methods for different clinical circumstances. With this growing body of research, earlier abortion methods have been refined, discontinued, and new approaches have been developed.
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